The Filipino Culture - 1675 Words

1. Which specific people and what specific circumstances have influenced my culture? The Filipino culture has been mainly influenced by the Spanish control in the 1800’s. With the Spaniards exerting control over the Philippines, their religious customs, clothing, and food were influenced by Spanish customs. Furthermore, the U.S supporting the Philippines in WWI and WWII caused the relationship of the two to bond both cultures together. Overtime, my culture has now become a combination of Spanish, Filipino, and American Cultures. 2. What is valuable to me? In my culture, the most valuable thing to me is my family relationship. I value our relationship the most because it’s existence is something that lasts longer than anything else. Without our relationship, I wouldn’t have succeeded anywhere in life because the support and love they’ve given me has always encouraged me to keep going. Our family relationship is also what keeps my family together, happy, and joyful. 3. What has shaped my choices and decisions? The main thing that has shaped my choices and decisions is probably my family. Most of my preferences and likings emerged from what they experienced growing up. My family has also been there to give me advice about my choices in life, expecting me to make the right decision in the future. Their constant aid and consultation have influenced me in my belief and opinion on the choices I make. 4. What are my goals? My goals in life are to be rich and successful as aShow MoreRelatedFilipino Culture4006 Words   |  17 PagesPhilippine and Filipino brief history of the life and times of the Filipino people in the Philippines. The values of Filipino culture have changed through emigration and immigration, as well as religiosity and spirituality, and because of coexisting and sometimes conflicting values . Details are given outlining the global Filipino diaspora in the 21st-century and highlights its impact on the social and religious conditions of the people. An interview with a native born Filipinos young womanRead MoreA Look Into Filipino Culture896 Words   |  4 PagesA look into Filipino culture Filipino culture is a mix of east and western perspectives and is heavily rooted in Christianity. The diversity of its people coupled with their ability to adapt and tolerate new ideas has created a fusion of traditional and modern. Filipinos pride themselves in their Sociability, religious belief, and Family oriented lifestyle. Social Aspects Filipino culture focuses heavily on social interaction and although many Filipinos are aware of western social norms and areRead MoreThe Spanish And The Filipino Culture Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesnamed the Philippines in honor of King Philip II of Spain. A majority of the Filipino history is accounted for by the three hundred and fifty years these islands were placed in the hands of the Spanish. To this day the Spanish presence could be seen through the Filipino customs, cultural norms, and traditions. Although the Spanish left a great mark on the Filipino culture, it is among other nations that the Filipino culture was subjected to. Out of the 48 nations in Asia, the Philippines is one ofRead MoreA Brief Note On The And Filipino Culture977 Words   |  4 PagesIn order for nurses to provide equal and effective healthcare, they must be culturally competent. Nursing requires constant learning, and understanding a person’s culture can give insight to what is causing a problem, what is hindering healing or procedures, and the best way to treat each patient. Saudi Arabians live by a â€Å"guardianship† system. This system requires that the woman seeks the man’s permission before going about her daily activities, leaving the house, or leaving the country (WhitsonRead MoreRelationships And Respect : The Filipino Culture1625 Words   |  7 PagesRELATIONSHIPS AND RESPECT The Filipino culture is less group-oriented in comparison to other Asian countries. Younger Filipinos recognize individuality but still strives to conform to group norms to maintain harmony. Most Filipinos emphasize the importance of establishing lasting and trustworthy relationships prior to the actual negotiation process and agreement. Typically, Filipinos only do business with people they like and this involves getting to know some personal details (non-intrusive) fromRead MoreThe Filipino Culture And Health Care1193 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscrepancy, a gap, or an inconsistency. Within individual cultures, there are health disparities, or specific differences of a population in the existence of health outcomes, disease, health care access, and value of health care services existing across ethnic and racial groups. Disparities can stand for ineffectiveness within the system of health care and thus accounting for unnecessary costs. (Douglas and Paquiao, 2010) The Filipino culture h as numerous factors leading to insufficient access to careRead MoreThe Filipino Culture And Business Practices3384 Words   |  14 Pagesexplore the country’s complex history. Knowing the Philippines’ history will set the stage in understanding the Filipino culture, which heavily transpires through the country’s business culture. Also, collectivistic values such as putting family first, respecting authority and elders, and cherishing group harmony will be discussed. These cultural values dominate the Filipino culture and business practices. Hospitality in the Philippines is second to none. They are extremely social, welcomingRead MoreCultural Influences Of The Filipino Culture1375 Words   |  6 PagesCulture The Filipino culture has a variety of cultural influences. Most of their cultural influneces come from past colonizations of Ameirca and Spain.In spite of all the influences, the older Asian culture of the Filipinos has been kept and is clearly seen in their way of life. The Filipino culture has become very evident and has largely been appreciated in many parts of the world. Filipinos are very passionate of their music. They use a variety of materials to create sound. They also enjoyRead MoreFilipino Mental Health Culture Paper1396 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Culture comprises of shared beliefs values, and practices that guide a group’s members in patterned ways of thinking and acting. Culture can also be viewed as a blueprint for guiding actions that impact care, health, and well-being† (Leininger McFarland, 2006). â€Å"Culture is more than ethnicity and social norms; it includes religious, geographic, socio-economic, occupational, ability-or disability-related, and sexual orientation-related beliefs and behaviors. Each group has culturalRead MoreThe Filipino Culture And Jeepney s History1845 Words   |  8 Pages My culture in an object of choice is a Jeepney alias â€Å"King of The Road†, considered one of the most affordable and popular public transportation in the Philippines, it has become an ubiquitous symbol of the Filipino culture due to its essence and nature. Just like Paris having the Eiffel Tower, New York having the Statue Of Liberty as monumental trademarks, Philippines’ trademark i s the Jeepney. Being from the Philippines myself, Jeepneys showcases the qualities Filipino people are known for: hospitality

North Korea at the Winter Olympics Free Essays

North Koreas ruler repeatedly exhibits repulsive violations of human rights. Just thinking that we participated in the 2018 winter Olympics with this country gives me the hebegeebes. Kim Jong Un, the ruler of this ruthless, repulsive, regime, shows little to know recognition of human rights. We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea at the Winter Olympics or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe we have sullied the name of the United States by allowing North Koreas Participation. The Olympics are the international celebration of human excellence, Kim’s North Korea falls far from the definition of excellence. Excellence is the quality of being outstanding or extremely good. Kim is power hungry and will stop at nothing to make sure he stays in power, or example he felt that his 67-year-old uncle was a threat to his power, so he had him stripped down to his bear skin and thrown in a cage of 120 dogs that had been starved for five days. Kim is mentally INSANE!!!North Korea is a dictatorship, Kim decides everything, and nobody can go against his wishes without punishment. North Korea is known to many as todays worst persecutor of Christians. For example, anyone caught with any contact with a missionary can be killed or tortured. In north Korea Kim has established political prison camps where men women and children can be found, it does not matter whether the person is young or old. To ensure his regimes success Kim has made sure that no one can leave. He underpays workers and raises the price of airline tickets for a time it would cost one person $8,000 to leave North Korea. Kim, his father, and his grandfather were all self-proclaimed gods. North Koreas calendar starts at the birth of Kim’s grandfather instead of the birth of Christ. In North Korea in any way you turn it is not hard to find a statue of a previous ruler of a picture plastered across a wall. There is even a special place where you can visit the corpses of Kim’s father and grandfather, because the mentally deranged Kim has them embalmed is glass cases. if this is not mentally ill then I don’t know what is. We participated in the winter Olympics with these crazy people! Kim has also threatened to nuke us on multiple occasions. I conclude that if it were my decision I would not have let them participate in the winter Olympics. How to cite North Korea at the Winter Olympics, Papers

Steve Jobs free essay sample

One of the biggest focuses of Apple Inc is its team work. In its mission statement, Apple says that its main desire is to work together and improve the environment by working together with its employees and the rest of the world. Teamwork is essential to Apples success, for the job is too big to be done by one person. Individuals are encouraged to interact with all levels of management, sharing ideas and suggestions to improve Apples effectiveness and quality of life. It takes all of employees to win. We support each other and share the victories and rewards together. We are enthusiastic about what we do. Steve Jobs, as CEO of the worlds largest tech company, was often identified as the singular face of Apple. It was considered that he was the man who is the energy and creative spirit behind the company, but Apple is much more than just Steve Jobs. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didnt interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. It wasnt all romantic. I didnt have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5? deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. (Source: Stanford Commencement Address, 12 June 2005) So, after six months, he dropped out and started to immerse himself in the studies of Eastern mysticism. He even traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment. Then, at age 19, he got his first job at video-game manufacturer Atari. Steve showed a growing interest in electronics as he was lured by the amazing design of a compact personal computer created by his friend Steve Wozniak, an older boy who had already distinguished himself as an electronics wiz kid. Once again, Steve seized the potential of selling the computer his friend had built to other hobbyists. It was at this point of time that Apple Computer came into being officially, on April 1st 1976. Steve at work Apples first sales came from a local computer retailer, The Byte Shop. The first computers were assembled in the garage of Steves parents in Los Altos, with the assistance of a few willing friends. After Apple Computers first public appearance at the Personal Computer Festival in 1976, Steve Jobs envisioned the companys image. He took this opportunity to promote his fledgling company and turned to PR adviser Regis McKenna for the same. With the help of McKenna, he also found his first investor ever in the person of Mike Markkula, a millionaire former Intel executive who was stunned by Wozs prototype for a new computer, the Apple II. The Apple II, made its successful debut a year later at the West Coast Computer Faire in April 1977. Wozs new compact and high performance design featuring disk drives proved to be a technological breakthrough. Its success entailed thousands of software programmers writing Apple-II software. In addition to being a sell-out computer, the Apple II set a revolution in personal computing. The advent of VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program ever, was released in late 1979 made apple lead the competition since it was compatible only with Apples system. After the success of Apple II, Steve took up work on the next great project for Lisa-the Cupertino-based company. Lisas main feature was its Graphical User Interface (GUI) coupled with the first affordable mouse ever. He wanted to be directly involved in the development of Apples future products. In a bid to get involved directly he took over a small RD team working on a computer called Macintosh. The project, instigated by Apple employee #31 Jef Raskin, called for a $300 dollar easily operated computer. Steve liked the idea of simplicity, but he insisted that Macintosh become a smaller and cheaper Lisa, including all its breakthrough graphical features. Raskin was evicted from the program, which quickly evolved into Steves very own pet project. The Mac team was composed of a small group of iconoclastic yet brilliant engineers with zeal and an enthusiastic spirit that was encouraged by Steve himself. He was able to shield the division from the increasing bureaucracy of the rest of the company which gave the team a sense of autonomy and enabled it to deliver its best. With the release of personal computer of IBM, apple faced immense competition since just the logo of IBM, a trusted name in the world of technology, was sufficient to drive the product into market. Although it was inferior to Apple II in all respects, it started corroding the sales of Apple II. The Cupertino firm responded by launching both the Apple III and Lisa in the competitive market. However both the computers failed in groping up profitable sales. The Lisa failed despite its revolutionary GUI, because, it was way too costly for many running business enterprises. So the entire companys hopes were turned to Steve and his renegade Mac team. Macintosh was finally introduced in great fanfare on January 24, 1984 which brought maximum publicity to Steve. However, Steve was excluded from the Lisa project due to his tyranous managerial style together with his souring relations with Apples President Mike Scott. Instead Steve was named Chairman of the Board. He took this opportunity and judiciously made use of his prestigious position to promote Apples image in the national media, before Apple went public on December 12, 1980. On that day, Steves market value jumped from $7. 5 million to $217. 5 million. He became the youngest self-made millionaire in America, and a rising business tycoon. This was Steve’s reaction after 25 years about his dismissal from Apple: â€Å"At 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didnt know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down — that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the Valley. ( ) I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. ) Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It awful tasted medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. † (Stanford Commencement Address, 12 June 2005) After getting fired from Apple Jobs created NeXT, a computer company aimed exclusively at the higher education market, by hiring five people from Apple. The company was enormou sly attractive to young talents, and Steve’s fame and charisma were an allure to the best people in Silicon Valley. Two years after its inception, on October 12th 1988, NeXT released its first product â€Å"the NeXT Cube†. It was strikingly elegant and featured revolutionary technologies such as its magneto-optical drive and its Digital Signal Processor, but it was way too expensive to the average education buyer. Because of its slow market movement, Steve released a cheaper version of NeXT Cube on September 1990. Even with the new product and global expansion, NeXT had a poor market share and they were losing their money hence Steve was forced to close his hardware section in 1993. In 1986, he had bought the computer division of George Lucas’ Industrial Lights Magic for $10 million, and had integrated it as Pixar Animation Studios. Pixar was a small group of brilliant college dropouts who believed in the dream of computer animation. They were led by engineers Ed Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith, along with former Disney animator John Lasseter. Even Pixar was not running well and it was too expensive to maintain the company so Steve was planning for closing down Pixar. However, what really prevented him from shutting down Pixar was its nomination at the Academy Awards in 1986 for Best Animated Short Film, with Luxo Jr. — the little lamp eventually became Pixar’s logo — and its 1989 Oscar for Tin Toy. In 1995 Pixar released its â€Å"phenomenal† first full length animated feature film in association with Disney – â€Å"Toy Story†. Without Steve Jobs Apple left with a 5% market share and it was running under successive loss for years with a stagnant product line . On December 20th 1996, Apple had chosen to buy NeXT Software Inc. and had welcomed back the companys founder as â€Å"informal adviser†. In early 1998 Apple achieved profitability for the first time in years. Since then there was an uninterrupted growth in their profit curve. They released iMac (1998), iPhone (2007). He stunned the music business with Apples iPod music player (2001) and iTunes online store (2005). Steve’s experience of Life and Death On Aug 2004 he was diagnosed and confirmed that he had pancreatic cancer. But then he was operated. That was the time he saw death very close and he experienced a very unusual strange feeling which he never felt before: â€Å"That was one of the things that came out of this whole experience [with cancer]. I realized that I love my life. I love [being with] my family, and I love [running] Apple and Pixar. I am very lucky. † Steve Jobs as a Person Internal Locus of control Steve Jobs has a high internal locus of control which is very much obvious as whatever has happened to him, he never blamed it on anybody as well as he does not give much credit to anybody other than himself for his success. He was born in a middle class family where his parents were not highly educated. He is a college dropout who once backpacked around India looking for spiritual enlightenment and now he dictate our tastes in computers, mobile phones and music. He is an admirer of other self-made men and inventors such as Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, or Edwin Land (inventor of the Polaroid), which once again strongly proves his belief that he is the master of his own fate. Apprehensive and confidentiality Steve Jobs is very suspicious of journalists as he was once betrayed by a TIME reporter. Therefore he speaks only very rarely to the media. This secrecy has led journalists and admirers to fantasize about his character, especially about his hot temper. Like the founder Apple also operates with a level of secrecy. Apple creates must-have products the old-fashioned way: by locking the doors and sweating and bleeding until something emerges perfectly formed. At times, Apple’s secrecy approaches paranoia. Talking to outsiders is forbidden; employees are warned against telling their families what they are working on. But Apple’s radical opacity hasn’t hurt the company — rather, the approach has been critical to its success, allowing the company to attack new product categories and grab market share before competitors wake up. It took Apple nearly three years to develop the iPhone in secret; that was a three-year head start on rivals. Secrecy has also served Apple’s marketing efforts well, building up feverish anticipation for every announcement. Visionary There is no doubt that Steve Jobs is a great visionary. While the power of computing formerly had been available only to techies, through Apple PCs it was suddenly delivered to classrooms, dens, and offices. He saw that computers could be much more than drab productivity tools. Instead, they could help unleash human creativity and sheer enjoyment. He vision led Apple where it is now, with revolutionary iMac, iPod, iPhones, iTunes. He rocked the music business with Apple’s iPod music player and iTunes online store. He revolutionized the animation movie industry through Pixar, His Pixar Animation Studios was the first to show that computer animation could be used to tell imaginative, touching stories. He was the first person to introduce a full length animated movie through â€Å"Toy Story†. Apple is the only company who gives their customers what they want before they know they want it. Undoubtedly, this is due to Jobs’ unique creative vision. Here was a visionary combined with a hard driving management style. Innovative Steve has an exceptional design sense and creative thinking which is dazzling in his every movement. He thinks innovation doesn’t come from coddling employees and collecting whatever froth rises to the surface; it is the product of an intense, hard-fought process, where people’s feelings are irrelevant. This made him sometimes tyrannical focusing on creating â€Å"Insanely great† products Perfectionist Jobs is a perfectionist and extremely demanding boss. His youthful perfectionism nearly killed his career. Little details obsessed him. It often led him to be ignorant to other people’s ideas. His strive for perfection is so strong that employees who did not faced with his blistering verbal attacks that can eventually burn out even the most motivated of his people. Enthusiastic From his school days Steve Jobs was marked as an over enthusiastic student. Once, Mrs Hill, his fourth grade teacher, watched Steve’s enthusiasm in vicious things for about two weeks and then approached me saying â€Å"Steven, I’ll tell you what. I’ll make you a deal. I have this math workbook and if you take it home and finish on your own without any help and you bring it back to me, if you get it 80% right, I will give you five dollars† and she gave a giant size book to him. Nobody’s ever done this before and of course he did it. When Steve was losing his interest in studies and was involved in all sort of mischievous activities his teacher bribed him back into learning with candy and money. His incredible respect sort of re-ignited his desire to learn. He is mature enough with an youthful enthusiasm. The flip side of Jobs’ enthusiasm is arrogance and an autocratic management style. Aggressive Steve Jobs is widely reputed to be one of the most aggressive egotists in Silicon Valley. He come across as brash, abrasive, and rough edged. He does not mind to call his subordinate’s work as a â€Å"piece of shit† and throwing it back at them in an angry rage. Productive Steve’s father Paul Jobs was a mechanist, many a times he used to section off a little piece of his workbench and said â€Å"Steve, this is your workbench now. †, and he gave him some of his smaller tools and showed him how to use a hammer and saw and how to build things. He spent a lot of time with Steve teaching him how to build things, how to take things apart, and put things back together. From childhood he had a normal curiosity towards electronic gazettes and electronic instruments and once he found these things are the results of human creation, it gave him a tremendous level of self-confidence. He is an extremely thoughtful person always engaged by deep issues and that reflects in his work. He always wants to absorb a vast amount of information before taking any action. Optimistic When the 85% population does not have a telephone connection he is talking about technological reform ! Even when he was fired from Apple he did not lose his objective of life, so soon after a short vacation at Europe he got the idea of creating computers only for higher education requirements and research works and he founded NeXT. Confidence Steve has a very high confidence on himself as well as Apple that no one else in the world can do such kind of stuff they are doing. He got a strong gut feeling and courage which keeps him going and presenting innovative stuffs which nobody can think of. Opportunistic He believes in living each day as if it would be his last and he grabs all the opportunities that come in his way. He had big dreams and worked his heart out in shaping his dreams coming out with products that gives a glimpse of a bright and exciting future. Passion His workaholic nature shows how passionate he was towards his work. He clearly loves what he is doing. Jobs have a passion for excellence, a strong drive, a calling for something higher than money which gives him the inspiration to climb higher and higher. Narcissism Steve always wants to be centre of attention. He has a pompous sense of self importance, requires excessive admiration and a sense of entitlement. He is arrogant and at times has an exploitive attitude towards Apple employees. Jobs pushed his workers to heights of unethical work conditions. MBTI Personality profile According to Mayers – Briggs type indicator Steve Job is an ENTJ personality that is Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging. The functional analysis of this category is as given below: ENTJs have a natural tendency to organize and direct. This may be expressed with the charm and finesse of a world leader or with the insensitivity of a cult leader. The ENTJ requires little encouragement to make any plan. While â€Å"compelled† may not describe ENTJs as a group, nevertheless they bent to plan creatively and to make those plans reality is a common theme for NJ types. ENTJs are often â€Å"larger than life† in describing their projects or proposals. ENTJs are decisive. They see what needs to be done, and frequently assign roles to their fellows. Few other types can equal their ability to remain firm in conflicts, sending the brave into the mouth of hell. When challenged, the ENTJ may by reflex become argumentative. Reference – Joe Butt. Extraverted. iNtuitiveThinking. Judging. http://typelogic. om/entj. html Steve Jobs on the job Over the past 100 years, management theory has followed a smooth path, from enslavement to empowerment. The 20th century began with Taylorism —workers are interchangeable cogs — but with every decade came a new philosophy, each promoting that more power be passed down the chain of command to division managers, group leaders, a nd workers themselves. In the 1940s, Bill Hewlett and David Packard pioneered what business author Tom Peters named â€Å"managing by walking around,† an approach that encouraged executives to communicate informally with their employees. Jobs, by contrast, is a notorious micromanager. Perfectionist No product can escape without meeting Jobs’ exacting standards, which are said to cover such obscure details as the number of screws on the bottom of a laptop and the curve of a monitor’s corners. â€Å"He would scrutinize everything, down to the pixel level,† says Cordell Ratzlaff, a former manager charged with creating the OS X interface. Motivator Most of the IT industry may motivate employees with carrots, Jobs is known as an inveterate stick man. Even the most favored employee could find themselves on the receiving end of an outburst. Insiders have a term for it: the â€Å"hero-shithead roller coaster†. Many of his colleagues described Jobs as a brilliant man who can be a great motivator and positively charming. Charisma Most of Jobs’ employees remain devoted because his autocracy is balanced by his famous charisma — he can make the task of designing a power supply feel like a mission from God. Andy Hertzfeld, lead designer of the original Macintosh OS, says Jobs imbued him and his coworkers with â€Å"messianic zeal. And because Jobs’ approval is so hard to win, Apple workers labor determinedly to please him. â€Å"He has the ability to pull the best out of people,† says Ratzlaff, who worked closely with Jobs on OS X for 18 months. Innovator Steve Jobs innovative mind has changed the worlds of computing, computer animation, music, and communications forever. In Cupertino, innovation does n ot come from pampering employees and collecting whatever bubbles rises to the surface; it is the product of an intense, hard-fought process, where people’s emotions are irrelevant. Innovation comes from people meeting up in the hallways or calling each other at 10:30 at night with a new idea, or because they realized something that shoots holes in how we’ve been thinking about a problem. Steve himself had always been a part of this innovation process: â€Å"So when a good idea comes, you know, part of my job is to move it around, just see what different people think, get people talking about it, argue with people about it, get ideas moving among that group of 100 people, get different people together to explore different aspects of it quietly, and, you know – just explore things. Visionary Since Jobs’ return Apple got an entirely new dimension and success undoubtedly — iMac, iPod, iTunes, iPhone. This suggests an alternate vision to the worker-is-always-right school of management. Due to Jobs’ unique creative vision Apple is the only company which gives their customers, products, before even they could realize that they want it. In a consumer focused IT industry, the products are what matter and Steve Jobs exerts an unrelenting control over his products and how they are used. Recruiting Policies He hires people who want to make the best things in the world. While hiring somebody really senior, competence is the stake. They have to be really smart. But the main issue to him is whether they will fall in love with Apple because if they fall in love with Apple, everything else will take care of itself and they will want to do what’s best for Apple, not what’s best for them. Dealing with employees Steve’s view on people is something like this: â€Å"The most important thing is a person. A person who incites your curiosity and feeds your curiosity; and machines cannot do that in the same way that people can. † People at Apple work nights and weekends, sometimes not seeing their families for a while. Sometimes people work through Christmas to make sure the tooling is just right at some factory in some corner of the world so our product comes out the best it can be. He always considers part of his job was to keep the quality level of people in the organizations and he always tries to get rid of the people who are not â€Å"The Best†. Steve Jobs has an uncompromising management style and people who work with him need to be strong enough to justify their decisions when Jobs challenges them. Jobs often would have a look at something and say it sucks. Those who took this personally had problems but those who come back and explain why they did, what they did or stuck to their guns, usually won out or bettered their work. Jobs often pushed his workers to heights of unethical work conditions. Some management theorists are appreciating Apples way of thinking. A certain type of forcefulness and perseverance is sometimes helpful when tackling large, intractable problems, says Roderick Kramer, a social psychologist at Stanford who wrote an appreciation of great intimidators — including Steve Jobs — for the February 2006 Harvard Business Review. Marketing genius Steve Wozniak was the technical genius behind the first Apple computer; Jobs saw the marketability. Steve Jobs is the marketing mastermind behind Apple’s rapid success. He conceived of elegant products that captured consumers imaginations. He knows how to sell product. Jobs strategy was to focus on his most profitable customers and coming up with new things to sell them. From the time he was a kid, Steve thought his products could change the world, says Lee Clow, chairman of TBWA/Chiat/Day and Jobs longtime ad man. Decision making Steve’s attitude was not confrontational. He wanted to absorb a vast amount of information before he took any action. Still there was always an undercurrent of tension and Steve would occasionally rebuke people if they didn’t seem to realize the urgency of the situation. Steve has the ability to buffer too much of information in his head. After saving Apple at 1998, Jobs performance had clearly not been simply one of product innovation or entrepreneurship. He had refocused Apple both strategically and organizationally. How this bundle of conflicting behaviors can coexist, to spectacular effect, in a single human being remains a puzzle. Good Steve/Bad Steve This term was coined by biographist Alan Deutshman to reflect the dual character of Steve Jobs The charisma that the world is mad about and his supposedly tyrannical behavior with his employees. It is said that in order to get the best out of his employees Steve will alternate praises and humiliations in public. If Steve Jobs says that the work done by the employee is not up to the mark, the employee will do whatever s/he can to improve and get the praises from him. The Bad: Steve Job is blunt blunt to the point that he can bring tears in the eyes of his employees. He can abuse them, humiliate them, and throw their work in the trash. When he wants something, he will want it to be perfect or nothing else. There have been times when he has called his employees a bozo or brain dead stupid. The problem with this attitude is that there are times when he has called the works of the employee’s trash without even looking at them properly. If a gadget or a device is presented to him, he will check them to their smallest details. He is snappy, short tempered and can do things that no manager or top level executive will do in today’s management era. It can be said that today when today’s managers are giving ‘carrots’ to their employees, Steve is the inveterate â€Å"stick man†. If we talk in Organizational Behavior terms, Steve uses negative reinforcements to the fullest extent. Steve Jobs has been criticized for his micro-management also. No gadget goes out of the company without it being presented to Jobs and till he has seen it to the minutest possible detail. There are also rumors which say that Steve has fired a group of people just because he did not like their work. This has led to a kind of fear that has gripped the minds of some employees that if they don’t do their work properly, they will have to leave their job. Also, rumors like the developers present their worst work first, let it be humiliated, and then show him the complete part so that he is satisfied. These kinds of talks have created an image of Steve Jobs that he is not the ‘sugary’ boss that the people expect today. If you want to work with Jobs, you will have to go through hell at Apple. His stubbornness and particularism do create tensions in the work environment. Also, the secrecy policy of Apple give jitters to the employees. Steve Jobs is known as the toughest, roughest and most intimidating boss. He would not care about the damage to the egos of those he hurt, as long as he pushed them to work better. The Good: But that is not all. Behind the intimidating boss, there is also a motivator and a charismatic leader which leads by example. If we look at Apple’s secrecy policy, no one other than Steve Jobs follow it religiously. He brings the gadgets wrapped in a cloth to his home, and works on it in private. He praises and inspires his employees in many creative and imaginative ways. Since Steve’s praise is hard to win, the employees work with maniacal zeal to win his praise. In a recent survey by Glassdoor, a company rating site, Steve Jobs has achieved a whooping 91 percent approval rating from his employees. This, itself, speaks a lot about how loyal his employees are to Jobs. Also, some of the events that people have themselves seen give an idea how the employees are treated in Apple. At every World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC), Steve makes a point to make the audience applause for his engineers and developers. And the numbers are not small. People across the globe see this happening live. What better can boost the morale of the employees! Also, it is to be noted that the jobs at Apple are something that are highly challenging (coming up with new ideas every minute) and that people love the jobs. This, itself, is a kind of self motivation that the employees require and on top of that the charisma of Steve Jobs makes it imperative for the employees to give their best. On the day iPod was released, Jobs had announced to give all his full time and part time employees who were there with Apple for more than a year an 8 GB iPod. This is the kind of motivator Jobs is. He brings in such enthusiasm in the employees that they are ready to work for him the whole day. Steve Jobs is a visionary and an innovative leader. His zeal is contagious. Also, at Apple the organization has no barriers between the employees and their boss. The engineers and workers sometimes have their lunch with Steve himself sitting across the table and eating his food. The perfectionist in him brings the best out of his employees and that’s the reason Apple brings out new and latest technologies on such regular basis. The dedication that he shows to his work even at the age of 52, make his employees do their best! The employees remain committed because along with the autocratic image, there is also the motivator and leader which encourage them to give their best. Recently, there was a lot of criticism when Apple goofed up by releasing a new application along with the iPod even when the application was not fully ready. Steve Jobs sent a ‘personal’ email to all the employees at Apple explaining them the situation and what can be done to reduce the damage. This shows that he does care about the employees’ morale which was down because of the negative criticisms. It seems to be unclear whether this unusual people management style is a conscious effort on Steve’s part to make people work harder, or a matter of instinct. Conscious or instinctive, it seems to work. Jobs is able to get his employees so motivated that they worked maniacally to achieve goals and develop technologies far beyond what they thought was possible.

Truth And Nonviolence Will Never Be Destroyed Those Words Spoken By Ma

" Truth and nonviolence will never be destroyed" those words spoken by Mahatma Gandhi describe the true essence of his character. He was a man who unlike others decided to use nonviolence as a means of getting what he wanted. His different approach is what ultimately led to his rising popularity and strong success. Not only did Gandhi almost single-handedly free India and its five hundred million people from their long subjection to the British Empire, but he did so without raising an army, without firing a gun or taking a hostage, and without ever holding a political office. Mohandas Karamch and Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, near Bombay. Gandhi's family belonged to the merchant class called Vaisya. His father had been the Prime Minister of several small native states. At the young age of 13 Gandhi was married. The marriage was arranged with Kasturbai Makanji. At age 19 Gandhi set out to study abroad. He studied law at the University College in London. He found that there he was often looked down upon for being Indian. In 1981 Gandhi returned to India. At Natal he was the first so-called "colored" lawyer admitted to the Supreme Court. He then built a large practice. Gandhi soon became interested in the problems faced by fellow Indians who came to South Africa as laborers. He noticed how they were treated as inferiors. In 1894 he founded the Natal Indian Congress to agitate for Indian rights. In 1899, during the Boer War, he raised an ambulance corps and served the South African government. In 1906 Gandhi began his peaceful revolution. He announced that he would go to jail or even face death before he would obey an anti-Asian law. He never wavered in his unshakable belief in nonviolent protest and religious tolerance. Thousands of Indians joined him in the civil disobedience campaign. Twice Gandhi was imprisoned. He worked to reconcile all classes and religious sects, especially Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and meditation. His union with his wife became, as he himself stated, that of brother and sister. Refusing earthly possessions, he wore the loincloth and shawl of the lowliest Indian and subsisted on vegetables, fruit juices, and goat's milk. Indians revered him as a saint and began tocall him Mahatma (great-souled), a title reserved for the greatest sages. Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolence, known as ahimsa (non-violence), was the expression of a way of life implicit in the Hindu religion. By the Indian pract ice of nonviolence, Gandhi held,Great Britain too would eventually consider violence useless and would leave India. When Muslim and Hindu compatriots committed acts of violence, whether against the British who ruled India, or against each other, he fasted until the fighting ceased. In 1919 he became a leader in the newly formed Indian National Congress political party. In 1920 he launched a noncooperation campaign against Britain, urging Indians to spin their own cotton and to boycott British goods, courts, and government. This led to his imprisonment from 1922 to 1924. In 1930, in protest of a salt tax Gandhi led thousands of Indians on a 200-mile march to the sea to make their own salt. he was then jailed again . This was called the "Salt March." In 1934 he retired as head of the party but remained its actual leader. Slowly Gandhi became to realize that that India would receive no real freedom as long as it remained in the British Empire. Gandhi's victory came in 1947 when India won independence. The victory was not a military victory, but a triumph of human will. The subcontinent split into tw o countries Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. The last two months of his life were spent trying to end the appalling violence which ensued, leading him to fast to the brink of death, an act which finally quieted the riots. On Jan. 30, 1948, while on his way to prayer in Delhi, a Hindu, Nathuram Godse killed Gandhi. He had been maddened by Gandhi's efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims. Three shots from a small automatic pistol were which led to his final

Time and Love essays

Time and Love essays Corporations or Consumers, Who is Responsible? The lives and daily routines of many Americans are affected by corporate activities. Corporations provide the basic necessities like food and water as well as luxuries and pleasures of everyday living. These corporations generate wealth for the economy and their shareholders, and provide employment for much of the population. One of these powerful corporations is Philip Morris who manufactures and distributes tobacco products such as Marlboro (Morris, 1). This tobacco manufacturer not only generates wealth but also generates health hazardous risks for the consumer. Despite increasing warnings about the health hazards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places, Americans disregard these warnings and still continue to smoke (Smoking, 4). Later then finding themselves dealing with the consequences of their poorly made decisions. Therefore, a corporation should not be held responsible for providing a product. It is the users who should be held accountable for the ir choices. The American people have the right to choose whether to smoke or not to smoke. There is a lot of information of cancer risks from using tobacco available to Americans, particularly in the media. The American Cancer Society estimates that cigarettes are responsible for more than 400,000 deaths in the United States each year (Smoking, 2). American consumers have been informed that tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive drug. They also know that by smoking tobacco, it causes lung cancer, emphysema, and other respiratory diseases. It also contributes to heart disease and low birth weight of newborns. Chewing tobacco and inhaling snuff causes cancer of the mouth, nose, and throat (Tobacco, 8). Regardless of these astonishing facts, forty-seven million people still continue to use tobacco products (Smoking, 1). Therefore, corporations should not be blamed for consumers po...

The History of the Phrase Double Coincidence of Wants

The History of the Phrase Double Coincidence of Wants Barter economies rely  on trading partners with mutually beneficial needs to agree to deals. For example, Farmer A might have a productive henhouse but no dairy cow while Farmer B has several dairy cows but no henhouse. The two farmers might agree to a regular swap of so many eggs for so much milk. Economists refer to this as a double coincidence of wants- double because there are two parties and a coincidence of wants because the two parties have mutually beneficial wants that match up perfectly. W.S. Jevons, a 19th-century English economist, coined the term and explained that it is an inherent flaw in bartering:  The first difficulty in barter is to find two persons whose disposable possessions mutually suit each others wants. There may be many people wanting, and many possessing those things wanted; but to allow  of  an act of barter there must be a double coincidence, which will rarely happen. The double coincidence of wants is also sometimes referred to as the dual coincidence of wants. Niche Markets Complicate Trades While it might be relatively easy to find trade partners for staples like milk and eggs, large and complex economies are full of niche products. AmosWEB offers the example of someone who produces artistically designed umbrella stands. The market for such umbrella stands likely is limited, and in order to barter with one of those stands, the artist first needs to find someone who wants one and then hope that the person has something of equal value the artist would be willing to accept in return. Money As a Solution Jevons point is relevant in economics because the institution of fiat money provides a more flexible approach to trade than barter. Fiat money is paper currency assigned value by a government. The United States, for example, recognizes the U.S. dollar as its form of currency, and it is accepted as legal tender throughout the country and even throughout the world. By using money, the need for a double coincidence is eliminated. Sellers need only find someone willing to buy their product, and there no longer is a need for the buyer to be selling precisely what the original seller wants. For example, the artist selling umbrella stands in AmosWEBs example might really need a new set of paintbrushes. By accepting money she no longer is limited to trading her umbrella  stands only to those offering paintbrushes in return. She can use the money she receives from selling an umbrella stand to buy the paintbrushes she needs. Saving Time One of the most significant benefits to using money is that it saves time. Again using the umbrella stand artist as an example, she no longer needs to use her time to find such precisely matched trading partners. She instead can use that time to produce more umbrella stands or other products featuring her designs, thus making her more productive. Time also plays an important role in the value of money, according to economist Arnold Kling. Part of what gives money its value is that its value holds up over time. The umbrella artist, for example, does not immediately need to use the money she earns in order to buy paintbrushes or whatever else it is she may need or want. She can hold onto that money until she needs or wants to spend it, and its value should be substantially the same. Bibliography Jevons, W.S. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. London: Macmillan, 1875.

Home Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home Health Care - Research Paper Example History: Home health care has emerged in two different forms i.e., post-acute care and social-supportive care (Kadushin & Egan, 6). Home health care was legally institutionalized in the United States post formulation of funded services such as Medicare and Medicaid legislation in 1965 with the former supporting post-acute skilled care to homebound individuals and the latter catering to preventive, skilled and unskilled care to chronically ill individuals. Prior to this, home care was not an entity of the government, but managed either by relatives or by private nurses. According to Keenan and Fanale (1989) the first home care program was started by Boston University in 1885 (qtd. in Kadushin & Egan, 6). Subsequently, home care health service has undergone many changes with respect to its scope, complexity, types of services, and other developments. Current developments: Much of the development in home health care is attributed to increasing number of chronically ill patients post industrialization and improvement in public health systems. Moreover, home care was also viewed as a cost-effective method of treatment for both patients as well as hospitals. Implementation of Medicare and Medicaid programs have boosted home care services. Kadushin and Egan reported that in the past 20 years, medicare enrollees has been around 4 million and cost of home care has been around $20.5 billion (p.18). The National Association for Home Care and Hospice’s 2007 figures indicated that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services expenditure touched $2.2 trillion (p.2). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in 2006, about 867,100 caregivers were formally appointed by home care agencies. Role of home care services: Most of the patients requiring home care services are those requiring postoperative care or rehabilitative care; in 2006, about 21.4 percent of home care patients had

Compare the role of voice-over narration in any two (or three) films Essay - 1

Compare the role of voice-over narration in any two (or three) films screened in this course (Dr Strangelove, A Clockwork Orange - Essay Example Such a film device is not in any way new or inventive. It is a story-telling technique that is used by different directors to elaborate a plot, based on the needs of the plot and the messages they wish to convey to the audience. As such, this brief analysis will track and consider the ways in which directors of three distinct films—Dr Strangelove (1964), A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), and The Big Lebowski (1998)—employ this technique. Through such an analysis, the author hopes to reveal the different nuanced levels of meaning that the individual directors hope to invoke through story-telling techniques such as the voice-over narrative. Kubrick himself, when discussing how he would cast and direct a satire on the lunacy of the Cold War, noted that it should be presented to the audience in a form of dark humour. In this way, it could more readily convey the levels of truth and the different meanings that are portrayed (Bilandzic & Buselle, 2011, p. 30). As a means t o accomplish this end, Kubrick employed many techniques that sought to mirror elements of true life that the audience would readily be able to identify with and would appreciate. Of course one of the most powerful mechanisms that he employed was presenting news-like stories to the viewer in a matter of fact way; regardless of how utterly insane they might be in content. Kubrick further sought to provide a type of societal commentary that housed the work in a convenient yet detached framework. Rather than allowing the individual characters to stand out, ultimately diminishing the message that Kubrick was attempting to communicate, the director regarded central omniscient or seemingly omniscient narrator as a better mechanism. Thus, the director was able to present a serious and gripping subject matter in a satirical way from a detached standpoint. The detached standpoint itself is further compounded by the effect of the monotone voice of the voice-over narration, impressing upon the viewer an influential point of view. The overall effect that the director was attempting to incorporate into the film was precisely this: it was only necessary to add elements of realism into a script that was already tinged by elements of absurdity since the satire engaged the viewer with the preposterous nature of the Cold War and Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) (Kirshner 2001, p. 40). In this way, the voice-over narration provided the necessary ethos that Kubrick required to accomplish a sense of realism and authority. Iguarta (2009, p. 58) offers a comprehensive insight regarding Dr Strangelove (1964), particularly from the perspective of using the voice-over technique: Voice-over narration in Kubrick's films evolves from an element that shows the mastery of the text by itself and an element of coherence that assures the perfect fitting of each element in the first films. They also show a more detached, ironic relationship of narrator to the text, which hints at the growing f eeling in the later films that reality cannot be controlled and that the text is unable to present it to us in a clear, reassuring way. This passage seems marked by the absence of voice-over narration in 2001, a reference to the organizing, clarifying function it had fulfilled in

Hypothesis and rationale Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis and rationale Essay The research proposal is based on the hypothesis that the current Tactical Personnel System training needs to be more effective and hence a departure from passive slide show system to more interactive system is a necessity. The main aim is that the personnel who have to undergo interactive training will learn and absorb more information than those with comparable amounts of passive TPS training experience. The modification in the system is now being developed with the introduction of hyperstudio. This will be analyzed through a set of tests organized by the researcher with scope of applicable to both control and experimental groups. A new set of TPS training sequences with the hyperstudio will be organized with the fact that practical experience with project based approach with the use of hyperstudio as its rational being the more valuable knowledge again rather than passively acquired knowledge. The memory retention based theme of current learning mediums of slideshow presentations and other media with possible utilization in the training fields has not been good enough to provide any real benefits if performance on the real world makes way. A more intensive, interactive and practical approach based training method has to be adopted so as to promote full use of the TPS system. An instructional system in an improvised format will result in an increase level of proficiency and full utilization of the TPS capabilities. Methodology Participants The population of the study will consist of uniformed soldiers, senior officials and the training staff. The sample population will perform manifesting operations in Fort Hood, Texas, which is the largest military installation in the world, and currently home of two divisions of approximately 16,000 soldiers each. One support command of 12,000 soldiers, and numerous reserves with joint argumentation that makes it one of the most deployable military assets in the United States inventory. Setting The research will take place in the participants’ current work location. No artificial environment or classroom setup will be provided due to the widely dispersed locations and issues of logistical support. Procedure The goal of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the new set of training exercises compared to the current TPS training program. Initially, a simple random sample of 100 uniformed soldiers who have all had full TPS field experience will be given a baseline test organized by the researcher. The results will be compiled for later comparison with the research results, and those initially tested will no longer take part in the study. Then, two groups of 100 uniformed soldiers each (obtained through simple random sampling), all with previous TPS training, will be selected. A copy of the TPS users manual, test sheets, questionnaire, and the new set of additional TPS interactive training exercises will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group, and a copy of the standard set of TPS training exercises, users manual, test sheets, and questionnaire will be emailed to the individual accounts of the experimental group. They will undergo a preliminary test to determine their current knowledge, and then they will be instructed to go through the exercises and then answer the test that immediately follows. Participants will be asked to volunteer for a one-on-one interview that will identify their concerns with the training, and also recommendations on how to improve the training. Finally, they will all be directed to complete a questionnaire that will address their overall impression of the material. Research Design The sample for this study will be selected from military personnel through simple random sampling. The variables that might affect the research are training intensity, computer literacy, personal military background, and age. Since all members of the sample groups have individual access to computers and email, the material and instructions for the study will be sent by e-mail. They will be required to complete a preliminary test and then independently go through the new exercises (if in the experimental group) or through the TPS user refresher slideshow presentation (if in the control group), and then complete the second test. A viable mode of administering the interactive training and tests may be through the use of a Macromedia ® Flash interactive presentation in a web browser. The second test and the questionnaire can be included and come right after the training, thus minimizing the possibility of cheating. Questionnaires are one of the most popular ways in which data may be collected. These are used for a range of purposes and will often be the tool used to collect quantitative data. But it is worth mentioning that although this may be classified as mostly a quantitative process of collecting data it may also be a qualitative method, depending on the number, depth and style of the questions. Data will also be collected using questionnaires, surveys, and interviews given to participants that agree in advance. Prior coordination with the individual’s supervisor will be arranged, as they will be able to promote timely collection and also minimize non-responses. To protect the identity of the individual and foster sincere responses, all questionnaires will be marked with a Letter P and a number to identify the passively-trained sample and a letter A with a number to identify the field-trained sample. A predetermined set of questions will be answered using the Likert Scale and measured using t-test for independent sample. All completed surveys and questionnaires will be collected from location on a pre-determined date. Quantitative research over here has relied more on the large amount of results, with the recorded data being mainly numerical in type and has been suitably used as a method of determining cause and effect relationships (Curwin and Slater, 2001). But this qualitative research is narrower and more concentrated by looking to information to be gained in-depth from a smaller quantity of subjects (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the data over here require phenomenal research of Grounded theory as well as historical research hence this Qualitative research is best suited for getting applied (Curwin and Slater, 2001). Since the research undertaken over here has been basically done on analysing how the use of Hyperstudio can effect change in the pattern of TPS training, the study of the same is going add something to the existing knowledge. Therefore, we must consider the different aspects of research that will characterise a research project as valid; these may include issues such as reliability, validity, objectivity, causality and bias. These may be seen in the questions that are asked, the way they are asked through phrasing and order, and in questions that are not asked. Therefore the questionnaire has been designed while considering the full possibility of getting certain answers, but in what type of answers are attained and to be seen as impartial. There are different aspects that need to be considered so that it will be accepted and good solid research. The formulation of a questionnaire may be inherently biased and reflect the desired out come rather than an objective research method. Reliability may be perceived as one of the easier objectives. This is often seen as the ability of the same study to be conducted and the results to prove the same, however repeatability does it mean that a research project is valid and can be relied upon (Denzin, 1978). We have considered other aspects of the research rather that just reliability in order to make the project valid. Reliability must also come from the level of confidence that may be seen in a study from the objectivity or recognised subjectivity which may be seen to arise. The project have been undertaken from a subjective perspective and those asking the questions if a face to face method is used, do not known the study purpose. The first stage to recognise that subjectivity is present and then recognised in order to overcome. If we set out to prove a model is true it is easy for the research to be biased, just as if we are looking for specific information other aspects may be ignored or forgotten. As such although the researcher may be biased there are certain measures that can be taken to ensure the research model used can be seen to have been implemented objectively. In designing the questionnaire it is likely that there will be others involved either by way of observation or the correlation of the data. When designing the research questions, there should be no indication of the final purpose of the study, in this way we might limit the bias of the respondents and ensure there is a lower risk of the cross contamination of bias (Denzin, 1978). However, it must also be recognised that we can never completely extinguish research bias. Data Analysis When looking at the way a sample should be chosen there will be the desire to choose a sample that is representative of the personnels that is going to be targeted. If the population is not representative then the results will not be representative. The way in which we need to consider the target is to look at the way sampling will be used. In this scale we need to talk to people who are either getting training or have been trained or are providing instructions while training. The first aspect is whether probability or non-probability sampling should be used. Probability sampling is a more random sampling style, the basis of this is that the selection of each respondent is a matter of chance and that all respondents will have an equal chance of being chosen, in many cases this can be a known probably of the respondent being selected. There are a number of sampling techniques that fall into this category. These include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified and cluster sampling. In total there are more than 30 probability sampling techniques (Malhotra, 1999). Random sampling is best defined as a sampling method was any member of the population will not have a zero chance of selection where the chances can be calculated. Looking at these different methods, simple random sampling is the most basic. This is where all members shave the same chance of being chosen and where the knowledge of another population member being chosen for sampling will not alter the odds. A method of undertaking this is choosing names out of a hat or any other random method. Stratified sampling is where the population of the sample is separated into distinct groups which do not overlap; this is where stratification is seen. There will then be samples taken from each of these groups. For example, this may be a sample that is divided into male and females, likewise we may look at those who can and do use the internet and those who do not. There may also be the use of age groups, they key is no overlaps between the groups. The next potential method may be multistage sampling. This may consist of two, three or more stages in the sampling. The process will start with the division of the population into non-overlapping groups as seen with the stratified sampling. However this is only the first stage, following this a sample of the first stage units will be chosen according to different criteria. We can also look at non probability sampling techniques as these will have a level of intervention to ensure the sample is representative. The most common is quota sampling, but this will also include judgement sampling, convenience sampling, random route sampling and snowball sampling (Talmage 1988). Quota sampling is exactly as it appears to sound, there are the definition of quotas to be used. In many cases these will consist of gender, age groups and social class quotas, which may or may not have crossovers. This is used widely in commercial settings but this is also a method that is not supported as widely in academic circles (Ojeda and Sahai, 2002). Opportunity sampling is where an opportunity is sought to interview or gain the opinions of a particular group and will then place themselves or the survey in the position of those who may be most appropriate for that study (Talmage 1988). Random route sampling where is there is a route planned and the interviewer may travel that route to gather data and hopefully meet potential subjects. This is a very random method of sampling and is also difficult to gain the correct numbers where there is quantitative data required. Snowball sampling is a method that can be used when there is a scenario of a large level of data being required in a short period of time (Talmage 1988). This may be used with a few key people being approached and interviewed which will then lead to more potential candidates being identified (Talmage 1988). Self section is also a non random type of sampling as the respondents will volunteer themselves and a last type we may consider is that of plausibility sampling which is defined by Talmage (1988) as â€Å"a sample selected because it appears plausible that the members are representative of a wider population, without any real evidence† (page 82). With each of these methods there are advantages and disadvantages, we need to consider which is going to be most appropriate considering the population required and the sample and the sampling method. Looking at all of these it appears that the most appropriate method will be that snowballing, it is not the fastest but it is likely to provide the best results in identifying potential respondents for the research. The mean is the measure of average performance of a group on a measure of some variable (Gay Airasian, 2003). Data analysis is meant to calculate the mean between variables by finding relations among the variables. Initial data analysis will begin with the comparison of the test results from the control and experimental groups. All survey, questionnaire, and interview data will be collected, converted to values and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the control and experimental groups will then also be compared with the results from the baseline test. After this, the results will be analyzed to test the hypothesis through a classification system for each value. The demographic variables such as gender, age, and education will be grouped under one category, while questions related to the hypothesis will be grouped in another useful category. The numeric values will be evaluated using the t-test, which assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. Results from participants will be analyzed by thorough examination of the survey, questionnaires, and interviews. The mean analysis comparison will determine changes on the responses from the initial baseline survey to the second and final survey. The questionnaire data will be used to analyze the effectiveness of the current mediums of the TPS. Results from the statistical data will indicate the consistency of the training effectiveness for participants overall. It will also identify the program’s current shortfalls on its training objectives. The hypothesis will be accepted only if the experimental group scores higher in the final tests and the difference in their scores are statistically significant (5% or higher in this case). References Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston. Benware, C. A. Deci, E. A. (1984). Quality learning with an active versus passive motivational set. American Educational Research Journal. 21(4), 755-765. Biggs, J. (1999). Assessing for learning: some dimensions underlying new approaches to educational assessment. The Alberta Educational Research, 4(1), 1-17. Bransford, J. D. , Brown, A. L. , Cocking, R. R. (Eds. ). (2000). How people learn: Brain, min,d experience, and school: Expanded Edtion. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Curwin J, Slater R (2001), Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions, London, Thompson Business Press. Darlington, Y. , Scott, D. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Stories from the field. Buckingham: Open University Press. Delaney, J. T. , Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. Denzin N K. (1978), The Research Act, New York: McGraw-Hill Dick, W. , Carey, L. , Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematic design of instruction. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Dochy, F. , Seger, M. , Buehl, M. (1999). The relation between assessment and practice and outcomes of strategies: The case of recognition of prior knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 69(2), 145. Gay, G. , Mazur, J.(1993). The utility of computer tracking tools for user centered design. Educational Technology, 33(4), 45-59. Gay, L. , Airasian, P. (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (7th ed. ). New York: Prentice Hall. Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York: Palgraves Macmillan. Goldman, I. (1999). Q methodolgy as process and context in interpretivism, communication and psychoanalytic psychotherapy research. The Psychological Record, 49(4), 589. Green, P. J. (2003). Peer instruction for astronomy. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Heinich, R. , Molenda, M. ,Russell, J. , Smaldino, S. (2002). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Columbus: MerrillPrentice Hall. Jih, H. J. , Reeves, T. C. (1992). Mental models: A research focus for interactive learning systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(3), 39-53. Jones, I. (1997). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods in sports fan research [Electronic version]. The Qualitative Report, 3(4). Kirshner, P. A. (2006). (Inter)dependent learning: Learning is interaction. Den Haag: CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Malhotra N K, (1999), Marketing Research. An Applied Orientation, (International Edition), London, Prentice Hall. Merchant, B. , Willis, A. (2001). Multiple and Intersecting Identities in Qualitative Research. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ojeda, Mario Miguel; Sahai, Hardeo, (2002, Nov-Dec), Design-based Sample and Probability Law-Assumed Sample: Their Role in Scientific Investigation, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, v33 n6 p819-28 Orr, T. (2002). Set the right tone. Writing 25(3), 20-22. Partnership for 21st century Skill (2006) Learning for the 21st Century. A report and Mile Guide for 21st Century Rhodes, D. M. (1993). The assessment of teaching in higher education: A critical retrospect and a proposal. Originally published in Higher Education, 4, 173-199. Retrieved Octoober 31, 2006, from http://west. bradley. edu/TroupISU/Dent/drhodes_web/secure/docs/primary/ jorhruat. pdf Rothkopf,E. Z. (1970). The concept of mathemagenic activities. Review of Educational Research, 40, 325-336. Salas, E. , Teachout, M. S. (1997). Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Slater, T. , Adam, J. (2003). Learner-centered astronomy teaching: Strategies for teaching Astro 101. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Talmage PA, (1988), Dictionary of Market Research, London, MRS/ISBA U. S. Department of the Army. (2004). Personnel processing (Army Reg 600-8-101, Army Reg 350-9). U. S. Department of the Army. (2005). Department of defense dictionary of military and associated terms amendment (Joint Pub 1-02. ). Veal, A. J. (2000). Business research methods: A managerial approach. Sydney: Addison-Wesley-Longman.

Computers in Life :: Essays Papers

Computers in Life A man wakes up in the morning to the sound of his digital alarm clock and immediately checks his e-mail. He turns on the television, which has a V-chip to keep his children from watching what may be violent. He gets dressed, gets in his car, and drives to work where he works as the network administrator at a local steel company. It is amazing all of the things this man uses in the morning alone that would not be possible if it were not for computer technology. From his alarm clock to his e-mail even to the job that pays his bills it has all been made possible by computer related technologies. This is the same situation with many people in American society today. Everything has to do with computers. The very first things that we consider "computers" were nothing more than adding machines. "Perhaps the first example of this is the abacus, known in the Orient at least as early as 600 B.C."(Nunz 517). The abacus consists of a frame with rods that hold beads which depending on their posit ion represent a different number. It is usually made of wood and the rods that were thought to one time have been made of bamboo. Users can add, subtract, multiply, and divide just like modern calculator (Fernandes). It all started with calculating machines and has advanced to the fast microprocessors we have today. People use computers everyday in many forms from the computer that's in a car to a home PC. Computers have changed everyday life in the way society drives, communicates, and relaxes. Society has changed because of computer technology and it will probably never go back. One thing that is very important to most people, especially in this area, which in most cases involves a computer, is the car. This is due mostly to the lack of effective public transportation in the area. Cars get people where they need to go from the mall to work and back home again. For those fortunate enough to have year 2000 model cars there are some pretty amazing almost futuristic features. One of t hese is "adaptive cruise control" which monitors the car in front of the driver and brakes accordingly. This feature is in more expensive BMWs and the Mercedes-Benz S class (Car Go to the Store... 8). This should make it a little easier for those people who have to commute a great distance to and from work everyday.

Air Operated Four Wheeler

Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4Ãâ€"4 (â€Å"four by four†) is a four-wheeled vehicle with a drive train that allows all four wheels to receive torque from the engine simultaneously. While many people associate the term with off-road vehicles, powering all four wheels provides better control in normal road cars on many surfaces, and is an important part of rally racing. In abbreviations such as 4Ãâ€"4, the first figure is the number of wheels; the second is the number of powered wheels. 4Ãâ€"2 mearns a four-wheel vehicle in which engine power is transmitted to only two wheels the front two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive. The main objective of our project is to perform to introduce the advance technology in the field of automobile.Here the four wheeler is carry out for the purpose of changing the gears using with the help of air power. Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living mearns of transport. Most often they are manufactured ( e. g. bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft), although some other mearns of transport which are not made by humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks. Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a chariot, a stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However, animals on their own, though used as a mearns of transport, are not called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft animals.This distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a child or a disabled person. A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a human, but it is the mechanical form or cart that is powered by the human that is labeled as the vehicle. For some human-powered vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as a driver. Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or skied. The true inventor of four-wheel drive is not really known; the history of such was not well recorded.In 1893, before the establishment of a modern automotive industry in Britain, English engineer Joeseph Bramah Diplock patented a four wheel drive system for a traction engine, including four-wheel steering and three differentials, which was subsequently built. The development also incorporated Bramagh's Pedrail wheel system in what was one of the first four-wheel drive automobiles to display an intentional ability to travel on challenging road surfaces. It stemmed from Bramagh's previous idea of developing an engine that would reduce the amount of damage to public roads. Ferdinand Porsche designed and built a four-wheel driven Electric vehicle for the k. u. k.Hofwagenfabrik Ludwig Lohner & Co. at Vienna in 1899, presented to the public during the 1900 World Exhibition a t Paris. The vehicle was powered by an electric hub motor at each wheel, a design later used by NASA in the lunar rover. Although clumsily heavy, the vehicle proved a powerful sprinter and record-breaker in the hands of its owner E. W. Hart. Due to its unusual status the so-called Lohner-Porsche is not widely credited as the first four-wheel driven automobile. The first four-wheel drive car, as well as hill-climb racer, with internal combustion engine, the Spyker 60 H. P. , was presented in 1903 by Dutch brothers Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker of Amsterdam.

Pangaea: the Ancient Supercontinent

Pangaea: The Ancient Supercontinent Throughout Earth's history, fragments of continental crust have floated across the planet's surface, pushed and pulled by plate tectonic motion. At times in the geologic past, these fragments (what we may now call continents) came together to form one large supercontinent, only to be broken apart once again by tectonic forces. The cycle of supercontinent construction and destruction took hundreds of millions of years. The most recently created supercontinent was Pangaea, which came into being about 300 million years ago.Panthalassa, a giant ocean, surrounded it. In just 100 million years, though, Pangaea began to break apart. Tectonic forces created a north-south rift in the super-continent, separating it into two new continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. As the new continents separated, the rift filled in with water, eventually becoming the present-day Atlantic Ocean. Laurasia, composed of the present-day continents of Asia, Europe, and North Ame rica (Greenland), occupied the northern hemisphere.Gondwanaland, composed of the present-day continents of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and South America, occupied the southern hemisphere. The subcontinent of India was also part of Gondwanaland. By 135 million years ago, the breakup of Laurasia and Gondwanaland was underway, leading to the present-day locations of the continents. The forces that formed Pangaea, then broke it apart, are still at work. North America, South America, and Greenland are all moving westward.Australia, India, and the western part of Africa are all moving northward. Europe and Asia are moving eastward. The Atlantic Ocean is becoming larger, and the Pacific Ocean is becoming smaller. Although impossible to know when, at some point in the future, millions of years from now, the continents may well come together to form yet another super-continent. Beginning some 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) beneath the surface and extending to a depth of 3,960 miles (6,370 kilometers), the very center of the planet, is Earth's core.Composed of the metal elements iron and nickel, the core has a solid inner portion and a liquid outer portion. Scientists estimate that temperatures in the core exceed 9,900Â °F (5,482Â °C), creating extreme heat energy. Were this energy not released in some manner, Earth's interior would melt. Circulating currents, called convection currents, carry the energy to the surface of the planet, where it is released. It is the release of this energy underneath the lithosphere that leads to the formation of the major geologic features on the surface of the planet.

Places in the Iliad - Towns, Cities, Rivers, and More

Places in the Iliad - Towns, Cities, Rivers, and More In this list of places in The Iliad, youll find towns, cities, rivers, and some of the groups of people involved on either the Trojan or Greek side of the Trojan War. Abantes: people from Euboea (island near Athens).Abii: a tribe from the north of Hellas.Abydos: a city near Troy, on the Hellespont.Achaea: mainland Greece.Achelous: a river in northern Greece.Achelous: a river in Asia Minor.Adresteia: a town north of Troy.Aegae: in Achaea, location of Poseidons underwater palace.Aegialus: a town in Paphlagonia.Aegilips: a region of Ithaca.Aegina: an island off the Argolid.Aegium: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Aenus: a town in Thrace.Aepea: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Aesepus : a river flowing near Troy from Mt. Ida to the sea.Aetolians: those living in Aetolia, an area of north-central Greece.Aipy: a town ruled by Nestor.Aisyme: a town in Thrace.Aithices: the inhabitants of a region of Thessaly.Alesium: a town of the Epeians (in northern Peloponnese).Alope: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Alos: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Alpheius: a river in the Peloponnese: near Thryoessa.Alybe: a town of the Halizoni.Amphigenea: a town ruled by Nestor.Amydon: a town of the Pae onians (in north-eastern Greece). Amyclae: a town of Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Anemorea: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Anthedon: a town in Boeotia.Antheia: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Antrum: a town in Thessaly.Apaesus: a town to the north of Troy.Araethyrea: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Arcadia: a region in central Peloponnese.Arcadians: inhabitants of Arcadia.Arene: a town ruled by Nestor.Argissa: a town in Thessaly.Argives: see Achaeans.Argolid: area in the north-west Peloponnese.Argos : town in northern Peloponnese ruled by Diomedes.Argos: a large area ruled by Agamemnon.Argos: a general term for the homeland of Achaeans generally (i.e., mainland Greece and Peloponnese).Argos: a region in north-east Greece, part of the kingdom of Peleus (sometimes called Pelasgian Argos).Arimi: people living in theregion where the monster Typhoeus lies underground.Arisbe: a town on the Hellespont, north of Troy.Arne: a town in Boeotia; home of Menesthius.Ascania: a region in Phrygia.Asine: a town in the Argolid.Asopus: a ri ver in Boeotia. Aspledon: a city of the Minyans.Asterius: a town in Thessaly.Athens: a town in Attica.Athos: promontory in northern Greece.Augeiae: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Augeiae: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Aulis: the place in Boeotia where the Achaean fleet assembled for the Trojan expedition.Axius: a river in Paeonia (in north-eastern Greece).Batieia: a mound in the plain in front of Troy (also called tomb of Myrine).Bear: constellation (also called the Wain): depicted on Achilles shield.Bessa: a town in Locris (in central Greece) (2.608).Boagrius: a river in Locris (in central Greece).Boebea: name of a lake andtown in Thessaly.Boeotia: a region of central Greece whose men are part of Achaean forces.Boudeum: original home of Epeigeus (Achaean warrior).Bouprasium: a region in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Bryseae: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Cadmeians: citizens of Thebes in Boeotia.Calliarus: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Callicolone: a hill near Troy. Calydnian Islands: islands in the Aegean Sea. Calydon: a town in Aetolia.Cameirus: a town in Rhodes.Cardamyle: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Caresus: a river from Mount Ida to the sea.Carians: inhabitants ofCaria (a region of Asia Minor), allies of the Trojans.Carystus: a town in Euboea.Casus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Caucones: people of Asia Minor, Trojan allies.Caystrios: a river in Asia Minor.Celadon: a river on the borders of Pylos.Cephallenians: troops in Odysseus contingent (part of Achaean army).Cephisia: lake in Boeotia.Cephissus: a river in Phocis.Cerinthus: a town in Euboea.Chalcis : town in Euboea.Chalcis: a town in Aetolia.Chryse: a town near Troy.Cicones: Trojan allies from Thrace.Cilicians: people ruled by Eà «tion.Cilla: a town near Troy.Cleonae: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Cnossus: large city in Crete.Copae: a town in Boeotia.Corinth: a city on the isthmus dividing mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, part of Agamemnons kingdom, also called Ephyre.Coronea: a town in Boeotia.Cos: an island in the Aegean Sea.Cranae: an island where Paris took Helen after abducting her from Sparta. Crapathus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Cretans: inhabitants of the island of Crete, led by Idomeneus.Cromna: a town in PaphlagoniaCrisa: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Crocylea: a region of Ithaca.Curetes: people living in Aetolia.Cyllene: a mountain in Arcadia (in central Peloponnese); home of Otus.Cynus: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Cyparisseis: a town ruled by Nestor.Cyparissus: a town in Phocis.Cyphus: a town in northern Greece.Cythera: the place of origin of Amphidamas; original home of Lycophron.Cytorus: a town in Paphlagonia.Danaans: see Achaeans.Dardanians: people from around Troy, led by Aeneas.Daulis: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Dium: a town in Euboea.Dodona: a town in north west Greece.Dolopes: people given to Phoenix to rule by Peleus.Dorium: a town ruled by Nestor.Doulichion: an island off the west coast of mainland Greece.Echinean Islands: islands off west coast of mainland Greece.Eilesion: a town in Boeotia.Eionae: a town in the Argolid.Eleans: p eople inhabiting the Peloponnese. Eleon: a town in Boeotia.Elis: a region in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Elone: a town in Thessaly.Emathia: Hera goes there on the way to visit Sleep.Enetae: a town in Paphlagonia.Enienes: the inhabitants of a region in northern Greece.Enispe: a town in Arcadia (in central Peloponnese).Enope: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Epeians: part of the Achaean contingent, inhabitants of northern Peloponnese.Ephyra : a town in north-west Greece.Ephyra: alternate name for Corinth: home of Sisyphus.Ephyrians: people in Thessaly.Epidaurus: a town in the Argolid.Eretria: a town in Euboea.Erithini: a town in Paphlagonia.Erythrae: a town in Boeotia.Eteonus: a town in Boeotia.Ethiopians: Zeus visits them .Euboea: a large island close to mainland of Greece on the east:.Eutresis: a town in Boeotia.Gargaros: a peak on Mount Ida.Glaphyrae: a town in Thessaly.Glisas: a town in Boeotia.Gonoessa: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Graea: a town in Boeotia.Granicus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Gygean Lake: a lake in Asia Minor: birth region of Iphition. Gyrtone: a town in Thessaly.Haliartus: a town in Boeotia.Halizoni: Trojan allies.Harma: a town in Boeotia.Helice: a town ruled by Agamemnon; site of worship of Poseidon.Hellas: a region of Thessaly ruled by Peleus (Achilles father).Hellenes: the inhabitants of Hellas.Hellespont: narrow stretch of water between Thrace and the Troad (separating Europe from Asia).Helos: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Helos: a town ruled by Nestor.Heptaporus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Hermione: a town in the Argolid.Hermus: a river in Maeonia, birthplace of Iphition.Hippemolgi: distant tribe.Hire: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Histiaea: a town in Euboea.Hyades: heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield.Hyampolis: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Hyde: birthplace of Iphition (Trojan warrior).Hyle: a town in Boeotia; home of Oresbius and Tychius.Hyllus: a river in Asia Minor near the birthplace of Iphition.Hyperea: site of a spring in Thessaly.Hyperesia: a town ruled by A gamemnon. Hyria: a town in Boeotia.Hyrmine: a town in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Ialysus: a town in Rhodes.Iardanus: a river in the Peloponnese.Icaria: an island in the Aegean Sea.Ida: a mountain near Troy.Ilion: another name for Troy.Imbros: an island in the Aegean Sea.Iolcus: a town in Thessaly.Ionians: people of Ionia.Ithaca: an island off westcoast of Greece, home of Odysseus.Ithome: a town in Thessaly.Iton: a town in Thessaly.Las: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Lacedaemon: the area ruled by Menelaus (in south Peloponnese).Lapith: the inhabitants of a region of Thessaly.Larissa: a town near Troy.Leleges: the inhabitants of a region in northern Asia Minor.Lemnos: an island in the north-eastern Aegean Sea.Lesbos: an island in the Aegean.Lilaea: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Lindus: a city in Rhodes.Locrians: men from Locris in central Greece.Lycastus: a town in Crete.Lycia/Lycians: a region of Asia Minor.Lyctus: a city in Crete.Lyrnessus: a city captured by Achilles, wher e he took Briseis captive. Macar: king of islands south of Lesbos.Maeander: a river in Caria (in Asia Minor).Maeonia: a region of Asia Minor south of Troy.Maeonians: inhabitants of a region of Asia Minor, Trojan allies.Magnetes: inhabitants of Magnesia in northern Greece.Mantinea: a town in Arcadia.Mases: a town in the Argolid.Medeon: a town in Boeotia.Meliboea: a town in Thessaly.Messe: a town in Lacedaemon ruled by Menelaus.Messeis: a spring in Greece.Methone: a town in Thessaly.Midea: a town in Boeotia.Miletus : a city in Crete.Miletus: a city in Asia Minor.Minyeà ¯us: a river in Peloponnese.Mycale: a mountain in Caria,in Asia Minor.Mycalessus: a town in Boeotia.Mycenae: a city in the Argolid ruled by Agamemnon.Myrine: see Batieia.Myrmidons: troops from Thessaly under command of Achilles.Myrsinus: a town in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Mysians: Trojan allies.Neritum: a mountain in Ithaca.Nisa: a town in Boeotia.Nisyrus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Nysa: a mountain associated with Dionysus.Ocalea: a town in Boeotia. Oceanus (Ocean): god of the river surrounding the earth.Oechalia: a city in Thessaly.Oetylus: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Olene: a large rock in Elis.Olenus: a town in Aetolia.Olizon: a town in Thessaly.Oloà ¶sson: a town in Thessaly.Olympus: a mountain where the major gods (the Olympians) live.Onchestus: a town in Boeotia.Opoeis: the place where Menoetius and Patroclus came from.Orchomenus: a city in central Greece.Orchomenus: a city in Acadia.Orion: a heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield.Ormenius: a town in Thessaly.Orneae: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Orthe: a town in Thessaly.Paeonia: a region in northern Greece.Panopeus: a town in Phocis (in central Greece); home of Schedius.Paphlagonians: Trojan allies.Parrhasia: a town in Arcadia.Parthenius: a river in Paphlagonia.Pedaeum: the home of Imbrius.Pedasus: a town near Troy: home of Elatos.Pedasus: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Pelasgia: a region near Troy.Pelion: a mountain in mainland Greece: home of the centa urs. Pellene: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Peneus: a river in northern Greece.Peraebians: inhabitants of a region in north-west Greece.Percote: a town north of Troy; home of Pidytes.Perea: the place where Apollo bred horses of Admetus.Pergamus: the high citadel of Troy.Peteon: a town in Boeotia.Phaestus : town in Crete.Pharis: a town in Peloponnese.Pheia: a town in the Peloponnese.Pheneus: a town in Arcadia.Pherae : city in Thessaly.Pherae: a city in southern Peloponnese.Phlegyans: fighting against Ephyreans.Phocis: territory of Phoceans (part of the Achaean contingent), in central Greece.Phrygia: a region of Asia Minor inhabited by Phrygians, allies of the Trojans.Phthia: a region in south Thessaly (in northern Greece), home of Achilles and his father Peleus.Phthires: a region in Carian Asia Minor.Phylace: a town in Thessaly; home of Medon.Pieria: Hera goes there on the way to Sleep.Pityeia: a town to the north of Troy.Placus: a mountain by Thebe, city near Troy.Plataea: a town in Boeotia.P leiades: a heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield. Pleuron: a town in Aetolia; home of Andraemon, Portheus, and Ancaeus.Practius: a town to the north of Troy.Pteleum: a town ruled by Nestor.Pteleum: a town in Thessaly.Pylene: a town in Aetolia.Pylians: residents of Pylos.Pylos: area in south Peloponnese, and central city in that area, ruled by Nestor.Pyrasus: a town in Thessaly.Pytho: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Rhesus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Rhipe:  ¨town in Arcadia.Rhodes: a large island in the eastern Mediterranean.Rhodius: a river from Mount Ida to the sea: stirred up by Poseidon and Apollo to destroy the wall.Rhytium: a town in Crete.Salamis: an island off mainland Greece, home of Telamonian Ajax.Samos: an island off west coast of mainland Greece, ruled by Odysseus.Samos: an island in northern Aegean Sea.Samothrace: an island in the Aegean Sea: Poseidons view point on the battle.Sangarius: a river in Phyrgia; home of Asius.Satnioeis: a river near Troy; home of Altes.Scaean Gates: the major gates thr ough the Trojan walls. Scamander: a river outside Troy (also called the Xanthus).Scandia: the home of Amphidamas.Scarphe: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Schoenus: a town in Boeotia.Scolus: a town in Boeotia.Scyros: an island in the Aegean: Achilles son being raised there.Selleà ¯s: a river in north-west Greece.Selleà ¯s: a river north of Troy.Sesamus: a town in Paphlagonia.Sestos: a town on the north side of the Hellespont.Sicyon: a town ruled by Agamemnon; home of Echepolus.Sidon: a city in Phoenicia.Simoeis: a river near Troy.Sipylus: a mountain area where Niobe still exists.Solymi: a tribe in Lycia: attacked by Bellerophon.Sparta: a city in Lacedaemon, home of Menelaus and (originally) Helen.Spercheus: a river, father of Menesthius, after copulating with Polydora.Stratie: a town in Arcadia.Stymphelus: a town in Arcadia.Styra: a town in Euboea.Styx: a special underground river on which gods swear their oaths: Titaressus a branch of the Styx.Syme: an island in the Aegean Sea.Tarne: a city in Maeon ia.Tarphe: a town in Locris (in central Greece). Tartarus: a deep pit below the earth.Tegea: a town in Arcadia.Tenedos: an island a short distance off the coast from Troy.Tereia: a mountain to the north of Troy.Thaumachia: a town in Thessaly.Thebe: a city near Troy.Thebes: a city in Boeotia.Thebes: a city in Egypt.Thespeia: a town in Boeotia.Thisbe: a town in Boeotia.Thrace: a region north of the Hellespont.Thronion: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Thryoessa: a city in war between Pylians and Epeians.Thryum: a town ruled by Nestor.Thymbre: a town near Troy.Timolus: a mountain in Asia Minor, near Hyde.Tiryns: a city in the Argolid.Titanus: a town in Thessaly.Titaressus: a river in north-western Greece, a branch of the river Styx.Tmolus: a mountain in Meonia.Trachis: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Tricca: a town in Thessaly.Troezene: a town in the Argolid.Xanthus: a river in Lycia (Asia Minor).Xanthus: a river outside Troy, also called the Scamander, also the god of the river.Zacynthus: an island off the west coast of Greece, part of the area ruled by Odysseus. Zeleia: a town close to Troy, on lower slopes of Mt. Ida. Source: Glossary for the Iliad, by Ian Johnston

Kirchhoffs Laws for Current and Voltage

Kirchhoff's Laws for Current and Voltage In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first described two laws that became central to electrical engineering. Kirchhoffs Current Law, also known as Kirchhoffs Junction Law, and Kirchhoffs First Law, define the way that electrical current is distributed when it crosses through a junction- a point where three or more conductors meet. Put another way, Kirchhoffs Laws state that the sum of all currents leaving a node in an electrical network is always equal to zero, notes Resistor Guide. These laws are extremely useful in real life because they describe the relation of values of currents that flow through a junction point and voltages in an electrical circuit loop, explains Rapid Tables. In other words, these rules describe how electrical current flows in all of the billions of electric appliances and devices, as well as throughout homes and businesses, that are in use continually on Earth. Kirchhoffs Laws: The Basics Specifically, the laws state that: The algebraic sum of current into any junction is zero. Since current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, it cannot build up at a junction, meaning that current is conserved: What goes in must come out. You can think of perhaps the most well-known example of a junction: a junction box. These boxes are installed on most houses: They are the boxes that contain the wiring through which all electricity in the home must flow. When performing calculations, then, the current flowing into and out of the junction typically has opposite signs. You can also state Kirchhoffs Current Law as: The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the junction. You can further break down the two laws more specifically. Kirchhoffs Current Law In the picture, a junction of four conductors (wires) is shown. The currents i2 and i3 are flowing into the junction, while i1 and i4 flow out of it. In this example, Kirchhoffs Junction Rule yields the following equation: i 2 i 3 i 1 i 4 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Kirchhoffs Voltage Law describes the distribution of electrical  voltage within a loop, or closed conducting path, of an electrical circuit. Specifically, Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that: The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero. The voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic fields (emfs) and resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources (for example, batteries) or devices (such as lamps, televisions, and blenders) plugged into the circuit. In other words, you can picture this as the voltage rising and falling as you proceed around any of the individual loops in the circuit. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law comes about because the electrostatic field within an electric circuit is a conservative force field. In fact, the voltage represents the electrical energy in the system, so it can be thought of as a specific case of conservation of energy. As you go around a loop, when you arrive at the starting point has the same potential as it did when you began, so any increases and decreases along the loop have to cancel out for a total change of zero. If it didnt, then the potential at the start/end point would have two different values. Positive and Negative Signs in Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign conventions, which arent necessarily as clear as those in the Current Rule. You choose a direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to go along the loop. When traveling from positive to negative ( to -) in an emf (power source) the voltage drops, so the value is negative. When going from negative to positive (- to ) the voltage goes up, so the value is positive. Remember that when traveling around the circuit to apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, be sure you are always going in the same direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to determine whether a given element represents an increase or decrease in the voltage. If you begin jumping around, moving in different directions, your equation will be incorrect. When crossing a resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula I*R, where I is the value of the current and R is the resistance of the resistor. Crossing in the same direction as the current means the voltage goes down, so its value is negative. When crossing a resistor in the direction opposite the current, the voltage value is positive (the voltage is increasing). Applying Kirchhoffs Voltage Law The most basic applications for Kirchhoffs Laws are in relation to electrical circuits. You may remember from middle school physics that electricity in a circuit must flow in one continuous direction. If you break the circuit- by flipping off a light switch- you are breaking the circuit, and hence turning off the light. Once you flip the switch, you re-engage the circuit, and the lights come back on. Or, think of stringing lights on your house or Christmas tree. If just one light bulb blows out, the entire string of lights goes out. This is because the electricity, stopped by the broken light, has no place to go. Its essentially the same as turning off the light switch and breaking the circuit. The other aspect of this with regard to Kirchhoffs Laws is that the sum of all electricity going into and flowing out of a junction must be zero: The electricity going into the junction (and flowing around the circuit) must equal zero because the electricity that goes in must also come out. So, next time youre working on your junction box (or observing an electrician doing so), stringing electric holiday lights, or even just turning on or off your TV or computer, remember that Kirchhoff first described how it all works, thus ushering in the age of electricity that the world now enjoys.